This is a public key of the originating VASP and is used to encrypt or decrypt a message.
The PubKey used in the CodeVASP is clearly VerifyKey that verifies the signature. But this is called PubKey because the public key used for encryption/decryption can be calculated from it.
This is a value obtained by concatenating fields in the order of (X-Code-Req-Datetime, body, X-Code-Req-Nonce) to generate a byte sequence, then signing it using the Private Key of the sending host with EdDSA (Ed25519).
This is an identifier formed by joining the travel rule solution alliance name of the sending VASP and its VASP identifier within the alliance, separated by :.